When to Write Out Numbers MLA: A Comprehensive Guide

Writing a research paper can feel like navigating a minefield of formatting rules. One common stumbling block? Knowing when to write out numbers and when to use numerals in your MLA-formatted paper. This guide provides a clear, comprehensive overview, helping you avoid common errors and ensuring your paper adheres to MLA style guidelines flawlessly.

Understanding MLA’s Number Rules: The Basics

The MLA Handbook offers specific guidance on number usage, aiming for clarity and consistency. The core principle is to write out numbers from zero to nine, and use numerals for numbers 10 and above. This simple rule forms the foundation of MLA number style, but there are exceptions.

Exceptions to the Rule: When Numerals Reign Supreme

While the zero-to-nine rule is a good starting point, several situations call for using numerals even for numbers less than ten. These exceptions ensure your paper remains readable and avoids awkward phrasing.

Numbers in Specific Contexts

Consider these scenarios:

  • Measurements and Statistics: Always use numerals for measurements (e.g., “5 inches,” “2.5 kilometers”) and statistical data (e.g., “12 participants,” “a 5% increase”). Consistency in these areas is key.
  • Dates and Times: Numerals are essential for dates (e.g., “January 1, 2024”) and times (e.g., “3:00 PM”). This ensures no ambiguity.
  • Page Numbers: Use numerals for page numbers, both in the text and in citations. This is standard MLA practice.
  • Addresses: Use numerals for street numbers and house numbers (e.g., “123 Main Street”).
  • Money: Always use numerals when referring to monetary amounts (e.g., “$10,” “€50”).

When to Write Out Numbers: Maintaining Readability

Even with the exceptions, writing out numbers often enhances readability, particularly in the narrative flow of your paper. Consider the impact on the reader’s experience.

Numbers Beginning Sentences

Never begin a sentence with a numeral. Always write out the number if it starts a sentence. For example, instead of “15 people attended the event,” write “Fifteen people attended the event.”

Numbers Used as Adjectives

When a number functions as an adjective directly preceding a noun, it’s often better to write it out for better flow. For instance, “two important factors” reads more smoothly than “2 important factors.”

Some situations require careful consideration to ensure both adherence to MLA style and clarity of expression.

Consistency is Key: Maintain a Uniform Approach

Once you’ve established a pattern for numbers in your paper, maintain consistency. Switching between writing out and using numerals can disrupt the flow and appear unprofessional.

Numbers in Lists and Tables: A Separate Set of Rules

The rules can be slightly different within lists and tables. Maintain consistency within each list or table, but it may differ from the main text. Use numerals for easier readability in these contexts.

Numbers in Citations: MLA Style Guidelines

Your citations require precise adherence to MLA style, and this includes handling numbers correctly.

Consistent Citation Formatting: Numerals are Preferred

For in-text citations and bibliographic entries, generally use numerals. This ensures clarity and consistency across your bibliography.

Avoiding Confusion: Clarity Trumps Style

When in doubt, prioritize clarity. If writing out a number leads to awkward phrasing or potential for misinterpretation, use numerals.

Using Hyphens with Numbers

Proper hyphenation of numbers is crucial for grammatical accuracy in MLA style.

Hyphenating Compound Numbers: A Guide

Hyphenate compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine. Also, hyphenate fractions used as adjectives (e.g., “two-thirds majority”).

Avoiding Hyphenation Errors: Careful Attention to Detail

Incorrect hyphenation can detract from the overall quality of your paper. Pay close attention to these details during editing.

Mastering MLA Number Style: Practice Makes Perfect

The key to mastering MLA number style is practice and attention to detail. Review the guidelines, and proofread your work carefully before submission.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Pay particular attention to avoiding common mistakes. These include inconsistent use of numerals and written-out numbers and incorrect hyphenation.

Conclusion

Successfully navigating MLA number style involves understanding the core rule (numbers zero to nine are written out, while numbers ten and above are numerals) and applying the numerous exceptions thoughtfully. Consistency, clarity, and attention to detail are paramount. By carefully considering these guidelines, you can ensure your paper adheres to MLA style and presents your research in a clear, professional manner.

Frequently Asked Questions

What if a number is part of a title? Generally, follow the title’s original formatting; however, if you’re creating a title, use numerals for numbers 10 and above.

Are there exceptions for large numbers? Yes, for exceptionally large numbers (e.g., millions, billions), it’s often more readable to use numerals and abbreviations (e.g., “2 million”).

How should I handle percentages? Use numerals for percentages (e.g., “5%”).

What about ordinal numbers (first, second, etc.)? Write out ordinal numbers from one to nine (first, second, etc.) and use numerals for 10 and above (10th, 11th, etc.).

Should I write out numbers in a heading? Generally, follow the same rules as the body text. However, for brevity in headings, numerals are sometimes preferred for numbers 10 and above.