Mastering the Art: How To Write A Sonnet Poem
The sonnet. It whispers of romance, of profound thought, of the enduring power of language. For centuries, poets have wrestled with its rigid structure, crafting beauty within its fourteen lines. But how does one even begin to write a sonnet? This guide will break down the process, equipping you with the knowledge and tools you need to craft your own.
Understanding the Fundamentals: What is a Sonnet?
Before diving into the mechanics, let’s define the beast. A sonnet is a poem that adheres to a specific structure. This structure dictates the number of lines, the rhyme scheme, and, often, the meter. While there are variations, mastering the basics is key to success. The word “sonnet” itself comes from the Italian word “sonetto,” meaning “little song.” This hints at the musicality and inherent rhythm that are crucial to a good sonnet.
Deciphering the Forms: Key Sonnet Structures
There are two primary types of sonnets that you should know about: the Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet and the Shakespearean (or English) sonnet. Each has its own distinct characteristics:
The Petrarchan Sonnet: A Tale of Two Parts
The Petrarchan sonnet, named after the Italian poet Petrarch, is characterized by its two-part structure. It comprises an octave (eight lines) followed by a sestet (six lines). The rhyme scheme typically follows a pattern like ABBAABBA CDECDE or ABBAABBA CDCDCD. The octave often presents a problem, question, or observation, while the sestet offers a resolution, answer, or reflection. The volta, or turn, is the critical shift in thought that occurs between the octave and the sestet.
The Shakespearean Sonnet: The English Twist
The Shakespearean sonnet, also known as the English sonnet, follows a different structure. It consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a concluding couplet (two lines). The rhyme scheme is typically ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. The quatrains often develop a theme or explore different facets of an idea, while the couplet provides a final statement, a summary, or a surprising twist.
Meter Matters: Exploring Iambic Pentameter
Beyond rhyme scheme, meter is a defining characteristic of sonnets. The most common meter used is iambic pentameter. This means each line contains ten syllables, with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (da-DUM, da-DUM, da-DUM, da-DUM, da-DUM). Think of it like a heartbeat. Understanding iambic pentameter is crucial for achieving the sonnet’s characteristic rhythm.
Rhyme Schemes: Choosing Your Path
The rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line. As mentioned above, both Petrarchan and Shakespearean sonnets have established rhyme schemes. Experimenting with different rhymes can add variety and complexity to your poem. Consider the emotional impact each rhyme creates. A strong, direct rhyme can emphasize a point, while a more subtle rhyme might create a feeling of quiet reflection.
Brainstorming and Inspiration: Finding Your Subject Matter
Now for the exciting part: choosing a subject! Sonnets can be about anything. Love, loss, nature, social commentary – the possibilities are endless. Start by brainstorming. What ideas, feelings, or observations resonate with you? What are you passionate about? Keep a notebook handy to jot down potential themes, phrases, and images.
Crafting the Lines: Writing Your Sonnet
With your subject matter in mind, it’s time to write. Start with your chosen form (Petrarchan or Shakespearean) and stick to the structure. Don’t worry about perfection on the first draft. Focus on getting your ideas down on paper.
The Octave and Quatrains: Building the Foundation
In the Petrarchan sonnet, the octave sets the stage. In the Shakespearean sonnet, the three quatrains build the argument or explore different aspects of the theme. Focus on developing your ideas in a clear and concise manner. Use vivid imagery and strong verbs to bring your words to life.
The Sestet and Couplet: Bringing it Home
The sestet in the Petrarchan sonnet offers a resolution or reflection. The couplet in the Shakespearean sonnet provides the final statement. This is your opportunity to summarize, offer a twist, or provide a lasting impression.
The Volta: The Turning Point
The volta, or turn, is a critical element. It’s the point where the poem shifts direction, offering a new perspective or a change in thought. In a Petrarchan sonnet, the volta usually occurs between the octave and the sestet. In a Shakespearean sonnet, the volta often appears within the couplet.
Refining Your Work: Editing and Revision
Once you have a complete draft, it’s time to edit. This is a crucial step. Read your sonnet aloud. Does it flow smoothly? Do the rhymes work? Are there any awkward phrases or clumsy lines?
Checking Meter and Rhythm
Pay close attention to the meter. Mark the stressed and unstressed syllables in each line. Ensure that your lines adhere to the iambic pentameter (or the meter you’ve chosen).
Polishing the Rhyme Scheme
Double-check your rhyme scheme. Ensure that all the rhyming words actually rhyme. Consider the sound of the rhymes and how they contribute to the overall effect.
Word Choice and Imagery
Examine your word choice. Are your words precise and evocative? Do they create vivid images in the reader’s mind? Replace weak words with stronger ones.
Practice Makes Perfect: The Importance of Practice
Writing sonnets is like any other skill – the more you practice, the better you become. Write regularly. Experiment with different forms, rhyme schemes, and subjects. Read the work of other sonnet writers to learn from their craft. Study Shakespeare, Petrarch, and other masters of the form.
Beyond the Basics: Advanced Techniques
Once you’ve mastered the fundamentals, you can explore more advanced techniques:
- Enjambment: Running a sentence or phrase over the line break to create a sense of flow.
- Alliteration and Assonance: Using repeated consonant or vowel sounds to create musicality.
- Figurative Language: Employing metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech to add depth and meaning.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What if I can’t think of a topic? Don’t overthink it! Start by writing about something small, a simple observation, a feeling you’re having right now. The more you write, the easier it becomes to find inspiration.
How do I know if my meter is correct? Read your poem aloud, emphasizing the stressed syllables. If it doesn’t sound right, try counting the syllables in each line and adjusting your word choice.
Is it okay to break the rules? Yes! While understanding the rules is essential, sometimes breaking them can lead to creative breakthroughs. Just be aware of the rules you’re breaking and why.
How do I get feedback on my sonnets? Share your work with trusted friends, writing groups, or online communities. Be open to criticism and use it to improve your craft.
What are some resources for learning more? There are countless resources available, including online tutorials, poetry workshops, and books on sonnet writing. Explore different options until you find what works best for you.
Conclusion: Your Sonnet Journey Begins
Writing a sonnet is a rewarding experience. It’s a chance to explore your creativity, refine your language, and express yourself in a powerful and enduring form. By understanding the fundamentals, practicing regularly, and embracing the process of revision, you can craft sonnets that resonate with readers and leave a lasting impression. So, pick up your pen, embrace the challenge, and begin your sonnet journey today!